First Look: February 21

The user as entrepreneur User innovations are improvements to products either suggested or created directly by customers. But how often do users financially profit from those improvements themselves? The subject is studied in the forthcoming book chapter, When Do User Innovators Start Firms? A Theory of User Entrepreneurship by Sonali Shah and Mary Tripsas. Their model helps explain why "user entrepreneurs are likely to spawn the creation of altogether new product markets and even industries." Bluffing for innovation One potentially effective method of deterring rivals from pursuing innovative attacks in your market is the old-fashioned bluff, it appears. In the forthcoming article, "Innovation Strategy and Entry Deterrence," Turut Ozge and Elie Ofek discuss ways firms can preemptively discourage entrants. One strategy is to pursue incremental advances and put off radical innovation, in part to avoid validating the high market potential to the entrant. The article will be published in an upcoming Journal of Economics and Management Strategy. Making of the modern firm In The Rise of the Modern Firm, editors Geoffrey Jones and Walter A. Friedman chronicle the growth of the business enterprise from Ancient Phoenicia to modern day China. A number of scholars contribute chapters on topics as varied as "Josiah Wedgewood: An Eighteenth-Century Entrepreneur in Salesmanship and Marketing Techniques,"
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Back in Time

Impossible - Columbia University scientists believe it is never possible to travel back in time.

The urge to hug a departed loved one again or prevent atrocities are among the compelling reasons that keep the notion of time travel alive in the minds of many.

While the idea makes for great fiction, some scientists now say traveling to the past is impossible.

There are a handful of scenarios that theorists have suggested for how one might travel to the past, said Brian Greene, author of the bestseller, “The Elegant Universe” and a physicist at Columbia University.“And almost all of them, if you look at them closely, brush up right at the edge of physics as we understand it. Most of us think that almost all of them can be ruled out.”
The fourth dimension

In physics, time is described as a dimension much like length, width, and height. When you travel from your house to the grocery store, you’re traveling through a direction in space, making headway in all the spatial dimensions—length, width and height. But you’re also traveling forward in time, the fourth dimension.

“Space and time are tangled together in a sort of a four-dimensional fabric called space-time,” said Charles Liu, an astrophysicist with the City University of New York, College of Staten Island and co-author of the book “One Universe: At Home In The Cosmos.”

Space-time, Liu explains, can be thought of as a piece of spandex with four dimensions. “When something that has mass—you and I, an object, a planet, or any star—sits in that piece of four-dimensional spandex, it causes it to create a dimple,” he said. “That dimple is a manifestation of space-time bending to accommodate this mass.”

The bending of space-time causes objects to move on a curved path and that curvature of space is what we know as gravity.

Mathematically one can go backwards or forwards in the three spatial dimensions. But time doesn’t share this multi-directional freedom.

“In this four-dimensional space-time, you’re only able to move forward in time,” Liu told LiveScience.
Tunneling to the past

A handful of proposals exist for time travel. The most developed of these approaches involves a wormhole—a hypothetical tunnel connecting two regions of space-time. The regions bridged could be two completely different universes or two parts of one universe. Matter can travel through either mouth of the wormhole to reach a destination on the other side.

“Wormholes are the future, wormholes are the past,” said Michio Kaku, author of “Hyperspace” and “Parallel Worlds” and a physicist at the City University of New York. “But we have to be very careful. The gasoline necessary to energize a time machine is far beyond anything that we can assemble with today’s technology.”

To punch a hole into the fabric of space-time, Kaku explained, would require the energy of a star or negative energy, an exotic entity with an energy of less than nothing.

Greene, an expert on string theory—which views matter in a minimum of 10 dimensions and tries to bridge the gap between particle physics and nature's fundamental forces, questioned this scenario.

“Many people who study the subject doubt that that approach has any chance of working,” Greene said in an interview . “But the basic idea if you’re very, very optimistic is that if you fiddle with the wormhole openings, you can make it not only a shortcut from a point in space to another point in space, but a shortcut from one moment in time to another moment in time.”

Cosmic strings

Another popular theory for potential time travelers involves something called cosmic strings—narrow tubes of energy stretched across the entire length of the ever-expanding universe. These skinny regions, leftover from the early cosmos, are predicted to contain huge amounts of mass and therefore could warp the space-time around them.

Cosmic strings are either infinite or they’re in loops, with no ends, said J. Richard Gott, author of “Time Travel in Einstein's Universe” and an astrophysicist at Princeton University. “So they are either like spaghetti or SpaghettiO’s.”

The approach of two such strings parallel to each other, said Gott, will bend space-time so vigorously and in such a particular configuration that might make time travel possible, in theory.

“This is a project that a super civilization might attempt,” Gott told LiveScience. “It’s far beyond what we can do. We’re a civilization that’s not even controlling the energy resources of our planet.”

Impossible, for now

Mathematically, you can certainly say something is traveling to the past, Liu said. “But it is not possible for you and me to travel backward in time,” he said.

However, some scientists believe that traveling to the past is, in fact, theoretically possible, though impractical.

Maybe if there were a theory of everything, one could solve all of Einstein’s equations through a wormhole, and see whether time travel is really possible, Kaku said. “But that would require a technology far more advanced than anything we can muster," he said. "Don’t expect any young inventor to announce tomorrow in a press release that he or she has invented a time machine in their basement.”

For now, the only definitive part of travel in the fourth dimension is that we’re stepping further into the future with each passing moment. So for those hoping to see Earth a million years from now, scientists have good news.

If you want to know what the Earth is like one million years from now, I’ll tell you how to do that,” said Greene, a consultant for “Déjà Vu,” a recent movie that dealt with time travel. “Build a spaceship. Go near the speed of light for a length of time—that I could calculate. Come back to Earth, and when you step out of your ship you will have aged perhaps one year while the Earth would have aged one million years. You would have traveled to Earth’s future.”

The theory that divided scientists

IF YOU cut the maps of various continents along the coastlines and juggle them around like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, you can almost fit them into one big landmass — the super-continent.

Once you have done that, it is quite natural to conjecture: Were all the continents part of a huge super-continent, which Wegener called Pangaea (all lands)? That was the genesis of the theory of continental drift.

The concept has a history of about 200 years, but it was first proposed consistently in 1912 by Alfred Wegener (1880-1930). Wegener was not a geologist; by education he was an astronomer (with a PhD) and by profession a meteorologist. As it happens now and then, remarkable ideas, concepts, hypotheses and theories are formulated by some very unlikely persons.

Consider Charles Darwin, who read medicine and then thought of becoming a priest. Professionally, he was neither a geologist nor a natural scientist. But he ended up studying natural science all his life. He propounded the epochal theory of natural selection.

There are certain superficial similarities in the concepts proposed by Darwin, on the one hand, and Wegener, on the other. Darwin’s theory challenged the age-old idea of creation of plant and animal life in fixed species for all times, by the theory of biological evolution. Wegener’s theory of continental drift shattered the idea of the permanence of various continents in their existing conditions.

The continents, according to the prevailing belief, were fixed in their positions; they were what they were, so to say, and they were always like that. Lastly, Charles Darwin called his book on evolution The origin of species by means of natural selection, while Wegener called his work The origins of continents and oceans.

It can also be mentioned that a macro-evolutionary change needs a very long time to occur, may be millions of years, and similarly the continents took millions of years (about 200 million years) to drift to their current positions. They are still drifting although the velocity is only of the order of 10cm per year.

One of the significant differences between physical and natural sciences is that a physical theory gives predictions that can be checked and verified frequently in laboratory experiments. Natural science, on the other hand, doesn’t make predictions in this manner.

The data on which it is based can possibly be interpreted in some alternative manner too. Therefore, checking and verification of a natural science theory requires long and patient work and coming together of several other disciplines.

Wegener’s idea had existed for a long time; other people had also thought about it and speculated. But it hadn’t caught fire as it did when Wegener formulated it. Wegener’s formulation was noticed and some other investigators also contributed to it, but since no plausible mechanism of drift was given, it remained buried for many years.

Wegener had proposed that drift was caused by the force of gravitation and Earth’s rotation. Calculations, however, showed that the two forces were not big enough to cause drift. Wegener had hypothesized that thermal convection in the mantle of Earth could also cause drift. But he did not develop this idea in a comprehensive fashion.

Arthur Holmes elaborated upon the convection hypothesis further in 1929, when Wegener’s theory had almost been pushed off the stage. Convection current is caused when a substance is heated, like water in a pan, and its density decreases; consequently the heated substance rises to the top. The denser matter sinks to replace it. Thus, a re-circulating current is generated.
This current “may be strong enough to cause continents to move,” it was suggested. Holmes explained further: “...(T)his thermal convection was like a conveyor belt and that the upwelling pressure could break apart a continent and then force the broken continent (pieces) in opposite directions carried by the convection currents.”

It was also argued that the lines along which the continents were torn apart were more or less like the tear of a newspaper.

When you bring the torn pieces together, they not only fit together, their printed words also wedge together. The implication was that the rock structures of the broken continents, their fossils, fauna and flora were similar along the tear lines.

In due time, when such information was gathered, the proponents would use it to support their thesis, while the antagonists would use the same data to reject it. This is the downside of a theory whose validation is derived only from interpretation of data.

This is explained in the following lines from George Gaylord Simpson’s 1943 paper titled Mammals and the nature of continents: “There are three alternative fundamental hypotheses as to the nature of continents: that they are crustal (of the crust of Earth), segments permanent as entities but variable in position (drift hypothesis), that crustal positions do not vary significantly but continental segments and ocean basins do (transoceanic hypothesis), and that neither crustal positions nor the major distribution of continental and oceanic segments have varied greatly during at least the later stages of Earth history (stable continents hypothesis).”

Of these three hypotheses, he discarded the first two, supporting only the stable continents hypothesis. He used his plant and mammalian data to support his argument. He wrote, “The evidence definitely opposes drifting or transoceanic continents and favours stable continents. Statements of intercontinental fauna resemblances are often misleading and their interpretations have usually been subjective, unreliable, and unscientific.” He also quoted the palaeontologists who agreed with him.

“The fact that almost all palaeontologists say that palaeontological data oppose the various theories of continental drift should perhaps, obviate further discussion of this point and would do so were it not that the adherents of these theories all agree that palaeontological data do support them. It must be almost unique in scientific history for a group of students admittedly without special competence in a given field thus to reject the all but unanimous verdict of those who do have such competence.”

Simpson’s arguments were typical; many others also rejected the theory using similar arguments. The theory was also criticized for the defects in the original idea of piecing together all the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle. Some continental areas are left out in the Bullard’s (maps) fit. Some other areas overlap. Other fits also suffer from similar shortcomings.

For these reasons, the theory would rest almost in oblivion until the 1960s, when different types of evidence became available to bring the drift theory into the limelight.

Tectonic plates
Though there is still no completely undisputed evidence in support of Wegener’s theory of continental drift, there is, by and large, an agreement that the continents do move. This proceeded from Harry Hess’s work in the 1960s.
Harry Hess made a curious observation during World War II. He was a naval officer deputed on a destroyer, which escorted convoys. In order to detect the German submarines, his ship towed a sensitive magnetometer, which would fluctuate due to the effect of the steel hull of a submarine if it were in the vicinity. He noticed that when his ship passed over the mid-Atlantic Ridge, the magnetometer recorded small fluctuations in the magnetic field intensity.

To get to the bottom of this observation, he went to Princeton after the war. His work there culminated in the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics. He became head of the geology department and remained at Princeton University until his death.

A tectonic plate is basically a piece of the Earth’s crust (lithosphere). According to Wikipedia, “The surface of the Earth consists of seven major tectonic plates and many more minor ones. The plates are about 100km thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust and continental crust. Under both lies a relatively plastic layer of the Earth’s mantle called the asthenosphere, which is in constant motion. This is in turn supported by a solid layer of mantle…. The churning of the asthenosphere carries the plates along in a process known as continental drift, which is explained by the theory of plate tectonics.”

The main features of plate tectonics are (http://www. ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tecmech.html):

The Earth’s surface is covered by a series of crustal plates;
The ocean floors are continually moving, spreading from the centre, sinking at the edges, and being regenerated;
Convection currents beneath the plates move the crustal plates in different directions, and;
The source of heat driving the convection currents is radioactivity deep in the Earth’s mantle.
Palaeomagnetism
This is the study of the magnetic properties of the ancient rocks and sediments. It is known that the Earth’s magnetic field reverses from time to time (at intervals of hundreds of thousands years or more). This was confirmed by studies of the sea floor with magnetometers.

The studies revealed the existence of numerous parallel strips of congealed rock, which were formed by the cooling of magma that erupted periodically from the Earth’s core and flowed away from the ridges, on both sides, pushing the older rocks farther away. Adjacent strips had opposite magnetic polarity, which was probably due to the reversal of the Earth’s polarity. Geologists have also found that rocks found in different parts of the Earth with similar ages have the same magnetic characteristics.

Another phenomenon was noticed from progressively older rocks in the same continent, that the magnetic poles appear to wander with time. According to David Pratt (Plate tectonics: A paradigm under threat, http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/DP5/tecto.htm), “Different continents yield different polar wander paths, and from this it has been concluded that the apparent wandering of the magnetic poles is caused by the actual wandering of the continents over the Earth’s surface.”

In conclusion, it may be mentioned that Wegener, when he postulated his theory, was viciously attacked by many not only for his theory but also for his lack of credentials. I. Bernard Cohen remarked in his book, Revolution in science: “The Wegener hypothesis aroused hostility on a number of grounds. First, it went directly counter to the mindset of almost all geologists and geophysicists who had been conditioned from their earliest days to think of the continents as essentially stable, of the Earth as terra firma…. Wegener not only was attacked for his method but was denied the right to discuss geology because he lacked credentials, being a meteorologist rather than a geologist.”

Gaylord Simpson persisted until 1978 in his objections to the continental drift theory. According to Cohen: “... (A)s late as 1978, George Gaylord Simpson repeated his earlier opinion that most of Wegener’s supposed palaeontological and biological evidence was either equivocal or simply wrong; he criticized Wegener for daring to venture into fields with which he had no first hand acquaintance.”

Wegener had a number of supporters also. As the knowledge in geology advanced and new fields of knowledge — for instance, plate tectonics and palaeomagnetism — came into being, the evidence piled up in support of his concept, although not his theory verbatim. The concept of stable and stationary continents has been abandoned and has given way to the drifting ones.

Bernard wrote, “The general shift in earth science from stabilism to mobilism — specifically to ideas of continental drift and plate tectonics — is undoubtedly a revolution....”

Subtle Nexux of Logic (Human Philosophy)

All universal forces such as gravitational force and electromagnetic field are the ramification of a unified force that is magnetic in nature but strongest of all creative phenomena in the universe. The unified force is felt by man as I a priori, this I is the first letter of Instinct. And human instinct is the “I force” of the universe which, when felt by man, leaves its sensation on human mind as something unique yet adhered to man, though this very feeling is the base of the universal existence and creativity. In human mind the feeling of I am or my instinct is just the presence of the unified force in human self awareness that is unified in terms of man's invincible link with the universe. It is not possible to separate human self awareness from human instinct because universe itself is a unified force that has a multitude of phenomena including man as an observer as well.

If we say that human self awareness is equal to his instinct then there is hardly any doubt that the universe is based on a unified force of creativity. The concept of I or “I am” is very astounding with a touch of a frightening grandeur that is adhered to man. To dig deep into the concept of “I am” brings a limitless expanse of the universe in all humans, and this will be the greatest puzzle of human mind if man does not want to give up his own identity as man. In other words, if man finds the courage to philosophically give up his identity as a mere man then he can solve the puzzle of I am, forever. The emergence of Unified Force in physics is the loss of man's being man as a separate identity provided that man makes out his existence as a manifestation of the extension of the universe itself. And this is all indicating toward the expansion of Knowledge.

What is knowledge?

Human beings are created to benefit themselves with the means of knowledge, and thus knowledge is a source of human progress rather than human deterioration in all aspects of humanity. Knowledge is different from mere thinking. Whatever human mind thinks cannot be called knowledge since knowledge must always be benign and beneficial to mankind.

Human mind never stops thinking whether a person is awake or sleeping. It means human mind is made to think but knowledge is only related to giving benefit and mental progress to mankind. Unfortunately, aberration of human mind, adopted by reputed thinkers of different ages in human history has been taken for knowledge that was an irony of human intellect. Philosophers of negative ideologies and pessimistic thoughts were impervious to the idea that knowledge is to explore the unexplored benefits for man rather than the product of any mental perversion in thinking that may lead man to an intractable sloth and sadness.

Whatever the progress the world has achieved, is the result of pragmatic approach to knowledge rather than following the futile process of the world reputed philosophers who preached ignorance and ignoble thoughts based on an inferior thinking process. The world does not feel tired in extolling the inventors like Thomas Edison, but philosophers like Nietzsche, Bergson and Hobbes are never remembered to be praised by the same world, since they never helped the mankind in resolving the grave issues of miseries, poverty and diseases.

The universe is made to support man with its mind boggling resourcefulness and possibilities. Deducing from a Greek aphorism that a sin is the result of ignorance, one can easily make out the intrinsic characteristic of knowledge that is progress and benefit to all human beings: progress in morality, progress in social prosperity and progress in intellectual development.

All the miseries that man is facing now a day and has been facing since the time unmemorable are the outcome of a lack of all permeating knowledge. Man has made a derision of his being man: all the observed conditions of gloom and misery are bearing out this factual observance. Guidance to mankind from an omniscient being is inevitable for human progress in all aspects, imaginable by man himself.

The world is bereft of the all powerful principle of human ethics binding on every human being living in this world. This is the very reason that human beings have been victims of untold cruelties in all ages of recorded history.

Man as cruel being is a man with utter ignorance that instigates him to act on an inhuman level, spreading sadness, horror and gloom around him. Despite all astonishing human progress, the morality of man is yet to be discovered by him as an integral prerequisite for man to be man, touching his soul as a pure moral being. Life is an eternal flower sprang from an isolated planet to shine in the enchanting glistening gloss of an illimitable universe. Man, the symbol of life is the mark and exponent of an ever expanding universal creativity that calls for a colossal presence of moral values for mankind.

Indeed, there are countless human beings who suffer from all kinds of miseries in their lives. What is lacking in human life whose presence may improve mankind's condition in this world? Edification of an all binding, irrevocable education of ethical values is the ultimate answer. Man's mechanical mind always needed the education of ethical knowledge to ameliorate its mechanics, sustainable to the mechanics of other minds. Instead of making out the reality of mechanical nature of human mind, human beings were left alone to be drowned in ignorance.

Human thinking process is the foundation of acquiring knowledge but raw thinking without any purpose, prima facie, is not the equivalent of knowledge. On a higher level of thinking when the world known scientists was getting at proximity with a solid scientific truth, they stopped thinking and propounded erroneous ideas in front of the world. The greatest celebrity of the realm of science Albert Einstein once conceded that he had made mistakes in composing his theories which he had first deemed as correct.

Scientific theories result into practical creativity and inventions if they are conceived flawlessly while keeping human benefit in mind. And if the world reputed geniuses can propound flawed scientific theories then the majority of human population is certainly deprived of, at least, a sensible approach to their problems and benefit. An all permeating knowledge for mankind is the farthest dream as yet. Science is the alternative word to knowledge and whatever man has achieved is the outcome of a perpetual sequence of scientific aptitude in the thinking process itself. Positive thinking to benefit mankind is scientific in nature.

Solar Energy

Today in Pakistan we are facing shortage of almost every basic need of life like water, gas, and especially electricity. It is the worst conditions we are facing now a days. The reason for that is…well we all know “THE REASONS” don’t we!!! Few days back I was reading an article in a local newspaper which was about getting electricity like many European countries which is from “Wind Turbines”. It’s a very good idea and we must have to think other ways of energy to meet our needs. Another idea which I’m going to discuss here is “SOLAR ENERGY”. As we all know that summer season is longer than winter in Pakistan. So it means we can get more and more sunlight. In my view Solar Energy Systems will be more successful in Pakistan than any European country because thankfully we can have more sunlight than Europe. Many scientists and engineers from all over the world are working in this field. Some say that it’ll be very costly, YES it’ll be but only in start as like everything when it’s new its price is high but when the competition arises then prices goes down its simple economics. We've used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years, but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power. The Sun is 150 million Kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth to meet our demands for a whole year - if only we could harness it properly and preserve it.

Here are some techniques that are being used in many parts of the world to get energy from the sun light.

Solar Cells (really called "photovoltaic" or "photoelectric" cells) that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square meter of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells. Solar cells provide the energy to run satellites that orbit the Earth. These give us satellite TV, telephones, navigation, weather forecasting, the internet and all manner of other facilities.

Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. This means you don't need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home. Water is pumped through pipes in the panel.

The pipes are painted black, so they get hot when the Sun shines on them. This helps out your central heating system, and cuts your fuel bills. However, in very cold places especially in winter season you must remember to drain the water out to stop the panels freezing. Solar heating is worthwhile in places like California, Australia, South East Asia (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh) where you get lots of sunshine as I mentioned it earlier.

Solar Towers One idea that is being considered is to build Solar Towers. The idea is very simple - you build a big greenhouse, which is warmed by the Sun. In the middle of the greenhouse you put a very tall tower. The hot air from the greenhouse will rise up this tower, fast - and can drive turbines along the way. This could generate significant amounts of power, especially in countries where there is a lot of sunshine and a lot of room, such as Australia.

Advantages

Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution.
In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place.
Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers
Disadvantages

Doesn't work at night. (Positively thinking it’ll cut our huge fuel and energy bills into half if we even have the solar energy system in day time. So that’s make it a negligible disadvantage.)
Very expensive to build solar power stations.
Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime.
Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate. In the United Kingdom, solar power isn't much use except for low-power applications, as you need a very large area of solar panels to get a decent amount of power. However, for these applications it's definitely worthwhile.
Is it renewable?

Solar Power is renewable. The Sun will keep on shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it.

Why “THE PROFESSIONALS” from Europe and America etc. I’ll suggest that to lower the cost we should use our own manpower which is cheaper and hardworking. By the Grace of ALLAH we are blessed with everything in our country like skilled manpower, raw material and especially more and more SUN LIGHT!!! As I mentioned earlier Europe like UK and many other countries are facing problem with less sun light but By the Grace of ALLAH we don’t have to face it. We just need good management of these things and work with diligence. INSHALLAH we’ll be successful. Pakistan will be successful. LONG LIVE PAKISTAN!

Types Of Woman Jewelry

Jewelry has been defined as an ornamental item that is prepared from different types of precious substances like diamond, gold, gem stones, ruby, quartz, jasper etc. Since thousand of years jewelry has been used to denote status. Jewelry also plays a very significant role to represent the culture of different regions.Jewelry plays a massive role to represent your self. Most of the women and some man also like to wear jewelry. Following are some types of woman jewelry.Necklace is the most common type of jewelry for woman, large variety of necklaces available in the market of different lengths and designs. Necklace can be made up of different materials like plastic, wood, metals, stones, shells etc.Wearing a necklace is a fabulous way which enables to wear jewelry without looking over dressed. The cost of a necklace depends on the material from which it made.

Earrings are very popular costume jewelry item. Earrings attached with the ear by piercing ear lobes. Earrings are very common among the woman’s of all civilizations. An earring may be made up of metals, plastics, gold, diamond etc. Designs of earrings ranges from large plates to small loops. Earrings are also available of many precious stones. Bangle is one of the finest accessories that any woman can wear. Bangles come in a large variety of colors and made up of different substances like gold and silver. Bangle is an only type of jewelry that can be easy to wear and also very easy to maintain. Finger Ring is also very popular jewelry item. Ring is a sign of engagement or marriage for a woman but now it also becomes a fashion symbol. Rings are made up of different materials like gold, platinum, diamond, silver, metals and many more.

The tradition of a nose ring is very old. Woman wears a nose ring by piercing her nose. Nose ring made up of different materials but gold and silver nose rings are very common. Basically nose ring is a fashion symbol of South Asian woman.Toe ring is not a very common type of costume jewelry. But many women or especially teen girls like to wear toe rings. It is most popular in Asian countries like India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh. A toe ring is made up of different metals and non-metals. Bracelet is a type of jewelry which is worm around the wrist. Typically bracelets are very flexible. When it comes to bracelet a woman have unlimited variety of styles and sizes. The best feature of a bracelet is that a woman can wear it at any time or any occasion.Some woman also wear bracelet for the sake of luck. A bracelet may be made up of different materials like metal, glass, plastic, silver, jute. Obviously the cost of a bracelet depends on the material from which it manufactured. Now some health bracelets are also available in the market.